Foraging Skill is a must for Survivalists and Gardeners

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Foraging is a very less talked about skill that every human should have. In addition to fishing and hunting, foraging will provide a large portion of your nutritional needs, especially if the fish aren’t biting. All sorts of greens, flowers, roots, berries, and mushrooms are edible, and they can be eaten raw or cooked, depending on the type of plant it is. Not only is foraging for survivalists; upscale restaurants and those feeling the squeeze of the economy have embraced the practice. It makes great economic sense to source out common greens that are abundantly available.

When sourcing for edibles, a forager should know well never to eat a plant that looks unhealthy, or one that he or she can't identify beyond the shadow of a doubt.

General Tips For Identifying Edible Plants

A person in a survival situation will likely find that roots and tubers are most easily gathered with a "digging stick" (a sturdy branch pointed at one end). When working in rocky soil, it's a good idea to fire-harden the point by heating — but not burning — it over glowing coals. The digger is then pushed into the ground next to the plant, and the root is levered out.

To collect seeds, tie a shirt in the form of a bag (wrapping the sleeves around the neck hole to close it), place the seed heads in the sack and shake the kernels loose. Or, you might want to make a willow hoop out of a flexible sapling and place the shirt over it to form a shallow tray into which seeds can be knocked off.

Keep in mind that if you live in a humid region, the majority of wild food will be in the sun - whether clearing or 'edge'. In a dry region, such as the Southwest of the USA, most of the wild food will be near water.

Any place that is regularly cleared is potentially loaded with weeds such as dandelion, chickweed, plantain, wild onion, violets, wood sorrel, henbit, clover, dead-nettle, and sow thistle — all of which are 100% edible. Some of these may be called something different where you live or are foraging for food. 

Do not start with grass, as not all grass is edible (for example, bamboo contains cyanogenic glycosides which your body metabolizes into hydrogen cyanide). Anything under 6" is easy to chew and digest (although it is not advisable for those with a weak stomach).

The flavor ranges from intensely sweet to mild to bitter - anyone who's tasted a shot of wheatgrass knows just how sweetgrass can be. Grass that's over 6" can either be chewed for juice and spit out, or run through a manual wheatgrass juicer for a healthy shot. Many types of grass have edible seeds, but it's better to learn to identify a specific plant than learn iffy tips.

Visit other areas that are regularly cleared. Try roadsides (note warning below), fields, parks, and so on. They will also have tons of edible plants. Chickweed can be picked by the bucketful. Here are steps to take:

1. Know where the best food is, depending on where you      live. 

Keep in mind that if you live in a humid region, the majority of wild food will be in the sun - whether clearing or 'edge'. In a dry region, such as the Southwest of the USA, most of the wild food will be near water.

2. Pick up a local plant guidebook. 

Get guides to the most common edible plants in your area, typically referred to as "weeds." Learn the top 20 or 25 and try to memorize them — they might come in handy later.

3. Start with the number-one habitat for wild edible plants      — your lawn. 

Any place that is regularly cleared is potentially loaded with weeds such as dandelion, chickweed, plantain, wild onion, violets, wood sorrel, henbit, clover, dead-nettle, and sow thistle — all of which are 100% edible. Some of these may be called something different where you live or are foraging for food.

Do not start with grass, as not all grass is edible (for example, bamboo contains cyanogenic glycosides which your body metabolizes into hydrogen cyanide). (although it is not advisable for those with a weak stomach) Anything under 6" is easy to chew and digest. The flavor ranges from intensely sweet to mild to bitter - anyone who's tasted a shot of wheatgrass knows just how sweetgrass can be. Grass that's over 6" can either be chewed for juice and spit out, or run through a manual wheatgrass juicer for a healthy shot.

4. Visit other areas that are regularly cleared. 

Try roadsides (note warning below), fields, parks, and so on. They will also have tons of edible plants. Chickweed can be picked by the bucketful. Here's what to look for:

-- Dandelion (taraxacum officinale): The young unfolding greens in the center are great raw. The entire plant can be steamed. The flower is the best part. Pick it off the stem, and with your fingers pinch off the green base of the flower, so there's no white sap (the sap is very bitter). You're left with a sweet, meaty, filling wild food that can be found in incredible abundance. Also, you can throw a few of them into a pot to boil some dandelion tea.

-- Chickweed (stellaria media): The entire plant can be eaten raw. It has a sweet, grassy flavor. If you want to avoid the stems, and eat mostly the new growth, pluck off the tops and eat those.

-- Wood Sorrel (oxalis spp): The whole plant is great raw - it has a nice acid flavor, refreshing. The flowers of the cosmopolitan weeds are yellow, but many varieties grow in the wild with pinkish flowers. If you eat it, try the stem, but not the red part as it and the leaves are bitter. 

This is a plant extremely common not only in lawns and cleared areas but also deep in the wilderness. It should not be consumed in great quantity as it contains relatively high levels of oxalic acid, which, while is vital for humans, may cause gastrointestinal upset or illness when consumed in large amounts.

-- Henbit (lamium amplexicaule): Another plant entirely edible raw. It's a Lamium, a very mild mint. Like chickweed, it has a sweet, grassy flavor - pluck off the tops to avoid the stems. This plant will form huge carpets in places early in the year, with an understory of chickweed beneath it.

-- Dead-nettle (lamium purpureum): Another Lamium, just like henbit. It's eaten the same way - and will also form huge carpets covering the ground, especially in spring.

-- Plantain (plantago lanceolata): Young leaves in the center are good raw - have a slightly salty flavor. There's both a common and an English plantain, that are very similar.

--Sow thistle (Sonchus spp): The young leaves are decent - treat it like dandelion, and try to avoid the bitter latex sap. Sow thistle has excellent yellow flowers very similar to dandelion, yet even better, that's prepared the same way and eaten raw. Unlike dandelion, sow thistle has an upright stalk and a more prickly-looking thistle-like appearance.

-- Wild onion (Allium spp): Very common in areas that are mowed. A very mild onion that is excellent raw. Harvest bunches of it and use it just like scallions.

-- Cress (Cardamine spp): This is one of the many wild plants in the mustard family common in cities. When young, the leaves are excellent raw, with a mild mustard flavor. As they get older the full plants can be steamed, just as you would prepare mustard greens at home.

5. Look for berries on ornamental shrubs, such as this          silverberry.

Ebbing's silverberry is frequently planted in cities as bushes and hedges - but it will escape into any disturbed habitat and form thickets. The stems, foliage, and berries are all speckled with silver. The red berries are excellent when fully ripe.

6. Look for berries on trees. 

Even in the dead of winter, such as on this laurel cherry. Like most wild cherries, these have a long ripening process and aren't fully ripe until the fruit starts to soften and shrivel.

Check out ornamental trees. These are planted for their showy flowers — those flowers can lead to fruit, such as cherries or crab apples or plums. They may be small but can be very tasty.

7. Look for nuts beneath trees. 

Walnuts and hickory nuts can be smashed open with a rock and the edible flesh picked out. Fresh nuts are wet and filling and easy to digest, with a lot of flavors. Acorns are abundant beneath oaks — if the oak has round-lobed leaves, the acorns will need minimal to no processing. Some white oak acorns will have no tannin at all. And keep in mind you get used to it and stop noticing it after the first few — it's how pigeons eat so many acorns.

8. Find fruiting trees.

 Check roadsides (note warning below), forest edges, and beside the water for fruiting trees. Fruit needs sun to ripen - there's not much fruit in deep woods. The 'edges' of any environment are the most productive - trees are fertilized and keep moisture and humidity from the forest behind them but have access to the full sun at the edge of a clearing or waterway. This is where you will find fruit like persimmons, wild apples, mulberries, autumn olives, hackberries, and so on. Below are persimmons.

9. Look for plants that grow in wet areas.

 Search bodies of water for signs of cattail, bulrush, and watercress. Cattail typically needs an area of stagnant water to thrive, though it will grow in streamsides. Cattail can be in preposterous abundance in lakes and bays.

The shoots are wonderful raw, and the pollen in early summer tastes like cake flour. You can gather whole bags of it. Its pollen is so nutritious it's considered a "superfood."

10. Nibble on safe flowers. 

Sample the flower petals of plants you know to be nonpoisonous. Flowers are often very mild to sweet and full of antioxidants. Some excellent blooms are daylilies, violets, and honeysuckle. DO NOT EAT AZALEAS! Azaleas are deathly poisonous.

The base of flowers can be strong to bitter (and in the case of some, such as Wisteria, toxic) — it's better to break off petals and not eat the green material.

11. Check out thorny brambles for food. 

Rose, blackberry, raspberry, and Greenbriar are good examples. Rose has edible hips (the common weedy thicket-forming multiflora rose is the best - the hip is small and tangy), blackberry/raspberry has berries, and Greenbriar shoots and tendrils, as well as berries that are rather tasteless but still edible. Below is the multiflora rose.

12. Learn your vines so that you can distinguish grape.

Wild grapes are found throughout the U.S. and are one of the best wild foods. You'll see a variety everywhere throughout the South of the US called "muscadine" — the grapes are thick-skinned and very large, with a flavor like a bubble gum.

Wild grapes have both edible leaves and tendrils as well as fruit — the leaves can be steeped in apple cider vinegar and used to make dolmas. Muscadine leaves are tougher and benefit from a week-long glass jar ferment. Grapevines also make very sturdy baskets.

13. Find deciduous leaves.

Try the deciduous leaves of trees like linden, sassafras, Boxelder, sourwood - all are excellent raw. Beech leaves are also highly edible when young, for the first 2 to 4 weeks. You can pull whole salads off the trees. Linden leaves are so large they can be used as tortillas.

14. Pick the new growth off conifers in the spring. 

The young green shoots at the tips of the branches are great raw - a pleasant acid taste. The male pollen cones on conifers are also edible - some are very sweet. And again, it's pollen - extremely nutritious. Many species of pine have edible nuts in the cones from late summer to fall.

1. 1. Credit: wikiHow